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Thursday, May 15, 2014
Wednesday, May 14, 2014
Lucid dreaming
Controlling your dreams - this may come true, as scientists said they have found the way to modify sleep so that an individual has "lucid dreams," a particularly powerful form of dreaming considered by many psychologists to be an intermediate stage between two forms of consciousness. According to a study it can be done by applying mild electrical currents to the scalps.
Lucid dreaming is the process in which a sleeper recognizes they are dreaming i.e. they may even be able to control their dream's plot and manipulate their behavior.
The discovery provides insights into the mechanism of dreaming - an area that has fascinated thinkers for millennium, The Voice of America reports.
Lucid dreams lie between so-called rapid eye movement (REM) dreams - which are concerned with the immediate present and have no access to past memories or anticipated events in the future - and being awake, which brings into play abstract thought and other cognitive functions. In lucid dreaming, a state believed to be unique to humans, elements of secondary consciousness combine with REM dreams.
Researchers led by Ursula Voss at the J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, used a technique called trans-cranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to explore the causes of lucid dreaming.
The gadget comprises two small boxes with electrodes that are placed next to the skull and send a very weak, low-frequency electrical signal across the brain.
The team recruited 15 women and 12 men aged 18 to 26, who spent up to four nights in a sleep laboratory. After the volunteers had experienced between two and three minutes of REM sleep, the scientists applied tACS for around 30 seconds. The current was below the sensory threshold, so that the subjects did not wake up. They then woke up the volunteers and asked them what they had been dreaming.
"The dream reports were similar, in that most subjects reported to 'see myself from the outside' and the dream was watched from the outside, as if it was displayed on a screen.". "Also, they often reported to know that they were dreaming."
The volunteers were tested at frequencies of two herz (Hz), six Hz, 12 Hz, 25 Hz, 60 Hz and 100 Hz. The effect... was only observed for 25 and 40 Hz, both frequencies in the lower gamma frequency band. It induced further gamma frequency activity in the frontal and temporal lobes. These types of brain waves have only been known to occur when a person is experiencing a higher level of thinking.
"I did not have much hope that this experiment would actually work," said Voss. "For us, it was surprising that you can actually force the brain to take on a new brain rhythm - that the brain really adapts and the neurons begin to fire at the new frequency with just this mild stimulation."
"This band has linked with conscious awareness, but a causal relationship had so far not been established. Now it is," she added. When the volunteers were stimulated with 25 HZ, "we had increased ratings for control of the dream plot, meaning they were able to change the action at will," Voss said. The study, reported in the journal Nature Neuroscience, gave several anecdotes from the recruits about what they had dreamt. An example described in the article suggested they could choose their outfit before leaving the house. The volunteers also often reported feeling like they were watching themselves instead of being in the first person.
"I am driving in my car, for a long time," said one. "Then I arrive at this place where I haven't been before. And there are a lot of people there. I think maybe I know some of them but they are all in a bad mood, so I go to a separate room, all by myself."
The study suggests that frontotemporal tACS might help to restore dysfunctional brain networks which are fingered in schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Applied during REM sleep, it could also one day help victims of post-traumatic stress disorder to overcome recurrent nightmares by placing them in charge of the dream plot, the paper theorizes.
The tACS gadget itself is a recognized medical invention designed to be used only for research purposes.
Voss said, though, that it seemed inevitable that a similar device would one day be invented for consumers, enabling sleepers to latch onto lucid dreaming, for better or worse.
"Although this is not something I am personally interested in, I am certain that it won't take long until such devices come out. However, brain stimulation should always be carefully monitored by a physician," she cautioned.
Olga Yazhgunovich
Lucid dreaming is the process in which a sleeper recognizes they are dreaming i.e. they may even be able to control their dream's plot and manipulate their behavior.
The discovery provides insights into the mechanism of dreaming - an area that has fascinated thinkers for millennium, The Voice of America reports.
Lucid dreams lie between so-called rapid eye movement (REM) dreams - which are concerned with the immediate present and have no access to past memories or anticipated events in the future - and being awake, which brings into play abstract thought and other cognitive functions. In lucid dreaming, a state believed to be unique to humans, elements of secondary consciousness combine with REM dreams.
Researchers led by Ursula Voss at the J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt, used a technique called trans-cranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to explore the causes of lucid dreaming.
The gadget comprises two small boxes with electrodes that are placed next to the skull and send a very weak, low-frequency electrical signal across the brain.
The team recruited 15 women and 12 men aged 18 to 26, who spent up to four nights in a sleep laboratory. After the volunteers had experienced between two and three minutes of REM sleep, the scientists applied tACS for around 30 seconds. The current was below the sensory threshold, so that the subjects did not wake up. They then woke up the volunteers and asked them what they had been dreaming.
"The dream reports were similar, in that most subjects reported to 'see myself from the outside' and the dream was watched from the outside, as if it was displayed on a screen.". "Also, they often reported to know that they were dreaming."
The volunteers were tested at frequencies of two herz (Hz), six Hz, 12 Hz, 25 Hz, 60 Hz and 100 Hz. The effect... was only observed for 25 and 40 Hz, both frequencies in the lower gamma frequency band. It induced further gamma frequency activity in the frontal and temporal lobes. These types of brain waves have only been known to occur when a person is experiencing a higher level of thinking.
"I did not have much hope that this experiment would actually work," said Voss. "For us, it was surprising that you can actually force the brain to take on a new brain rhythm - that the brain really adapts and the neurons begin to fire at the new frequency with just this mild stimulation."
"This band has linked with conscious awareness, but a causal relationship had so far not been established. Now it is," she added. When the volunteers were stimulated with 25 HZ, "we had increased ratings for control of the dream plot, meaning they were able to change the action at will," Voss said. The study, reported in the journal Nature Neuroscience, gave several anecdotes from the recruits about what they had dreamt. An example described in the article suggested they could choose their outfit before leaving the house. The volunteers also often reported feeling like they were watching themselves instead of being in the first person.
"I am driving in my car, for a long time," said one. "Then I arrive at this place where I haven't been before. And there are a lot of people there. I think maybe I know some of them but they are all in a bad mood, so I go to a separate room, all by myself."
The study suggests that frontotemporal tACS might help to restore dysfunctional brain networks which are fingered in schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Applied during REM sleep, it could also one day help victims of post-traumatic stress disorder to overcome recurrent nightmares by placing them in charge of the dream plot, the paper theorizes.
The tACS gadget itself is a recognized medical invention designed to be used only for research purposes.
Voss said, though, that it seemed inevitable that a similar device would one day be invented for consumers, enabling sleepers to latch onto lucid dreaming, for better or worse.
"Although this is not something I am personally interested in, I am certain that it won't take long until such devices come out. However, brain stimulation should always be carefully monitored by a physician," she cautioned.
Olga Yazhgunovich
Friday, May 9, 2014
May 9, SHOUSHI. The Victory was Set.
"Enemy" is a great source of resources, not an opponent to be destroyed. Understanding this point of view demands a reorientation.We might advance our position by avoiding our destructive flight or fight reflex. We might reprogram our thinking to create a powerful mindset for understanding our competitive position and advancing that position. We think there are two powerful ideas: 1) strategic positions are created from a natural balance of forces and 2) we can leverage those forces to win, and win without conflict. And this can be applied to all types of competitive situations. Sometimes it is necessary to convert military language to a more universal vocabulary.
In all competition where we want to win (in terms of strategic positions) success is defined in terms of advancing positions and making those advances pay. No matter what the specific nature of a competitive challenge, our goal is to improve our position. We improve our position by making the right decisions about pursuing opportunities, minimizing our mistakes and maximizing our gains.
Good decisions are based on pattern recognition. Mostly we have only a vague idea of how conditions affect the position. But we might see common patterns in situations that allow us to know what to do.
All decisions have costs. Not all decisions produce rewards. Better to minimize our losses while maximizing our gains.
There are a number of hidden opportunities, seen or not. People struggle like us to minimize the costs of the mistakes they make. "Winning without much loosing" is not an altruistic goal but the logical necessity. People like us struggle to decrease the conflict in their lives.
Rules leverage general areas of pattern recognition called the Nine Formulas. Nine categories of strategic skills define cycle that advances our positions: 1. understanding positions, 2. developing perspective, 3. identifying opportunities, 4. leveraging probability, 5. minimizing mistakes, 6. responding to situations, 7. creating momentum, 8. winning rewards, and 9. defending vulnerabilities. These categories flow logically from through the Progress Cycle of listen-aim-move-claim. "Understanding positions" is the primary skill. Competitive skills assessment system uses these skill numbers to break down our analysis of people's strengths and weaknesses in competitive understanding.All success systems that have ever been created are based upon one or more of these formulas.
As two parties try to damage each other, the positions of both decline.In real life, the smart one is more likely to fire rivals who work on damaging each other. Just because some games such as chess can be designed as wars of attrition doesn't mean that the lessons from such games can be applied more generally to competitive struggle in the real world.
The impulse to fight, like the impulse to run away, is instinctual and reflexive. Anger, hate, and demonizing our enemies are all strategic traps. These mindsets weaken positions rather than strengthening them.
The Nature of Enmity
Understood correctly, the heart of any competition is always dueling philosophies. Positioning is a battle to win supporters and discourage opponents. When we demonize opponents, we are trying to tear down their position, but in doing so, we undermine our chances of success by attracting supporters who are looking for someone to hate rather than a goal to support. The character of these supporters will lead us inevitably in costly conflict. Positions built on philosophies of enmity are inherently weak. Positions built on mutual rewards are inherently strong. Groups bound together by mutual enemies are, to quote Shakespeare, "full of sound and fury signifying nothing" and have been shown throughout history to fall apart once the enemy is defeated.
We Won. The Victory was Set.
Happiest Time
Happiest time for Europeans 6.08 pm on Friday - said British scientists.
The second happiest time for an average European is Saturday morning.
British sociologists have determined the happiest time in the life of an average European. The scientists established that 6.08 pm on Friday is the happiest time, London-based newspaper Daily Telegraph reported.
The newspaper noted that the peak of joy and happy anticipation comes to a person when he or she leaves his/her workplace and thinks about the weekend. The feeling is very acute at 6.08 pm, the scientists established.
"We called such attitude 'Friday anticipation'," said researcher Julian Guy. The second happiest time for Europeans is Saturday morning.
Guy noted that the worst time for Europeans is 01.42 pm on Monday. "People don't like Mondays in general because most of work stress is concentrated in this part of the week," Guy stressed.
London, May 05.
The second happiest time for an average European is Saturday morning.
British sociologists have determined the happiest time in the life of an average European. The scientists established that 6.08 pm on Friday is the happiest time, London-based newspaper Daily Telegraph reported.
The newspaper noted that the peak of joy and happy anticipation comes to a person when he or she leaves his/her workplace and thinks about the weekend. The feeling is very acute at 6.08 pm, the scientists established.
"We called such attitude 'Friday anticipation'," said researcher Julian Guy. The second happiest time for Europeans is Saturday morning.
Guy noted that the worst time for Europeans is 01.42 pm on Monday. "People don't like Mondays in general because most of work stress is concentrated in this part of the week," Guy stressed.
London, May 05.
Wednesday, May 7, 2014
4 Things Innovators Do
All of the really successful innovators do four things that help them discover new markets and product offerings: they keep score differently, they frame product creation as a study, they innovate on product, market, and method, and they manage athree-maxima portfolio. Some of these patterns are at the core of this investigation into Intrapreneurship, so We’ll get into a bit more detail on each of them.
Different ways of keeping score
One of the biggest challenges Intrapreneurs face is that of competing metrics. Large businesses have annual budgets, and tie compensation and bonuses to the attainment of known goals rather than to the discovery of new ones.
Companies that manage to innovate recognize that tomorrow’s businesses look bad when seen through today’s lenses. Consider Blockbuster and Netflix. Blockbuster made much of its revenue from late fees; Netflix had none, so it looked less attractive to the incumbent.
To deal with this, companies create new metrics (such as the number of assumptions confirmed or repudiated) and different time frames (such as weekly or monthly budgeting.) Data on innovation projects is reported in aggregate on an annual basis to the host company, but the individual projects are shielded from the tyranny of long budget cycles.
It’s not innovation, it’s research
To tackle the stigma of failure, some of the companies I’ve talked with treat innovation as a form
Signal
President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev has come forth with an initiative to hold the next summit meeting of presidents of Azerbaijan, Georgia and Turkey in Baku. He said this at a joint briefing after his meeting with his counterparts from Georgia and Turkey, Georgy Mergvelashvili and Abdullah Gul, in Tbilisi.
Aliyev said that the three presidents had decided to hold such summit meetings on a regular basis.
Aliyev said that the three presidents had decided to hold such summit meetings on a regular basis.
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